References
History
1. The source of the quotes and most of the information in this article. The
book was published by the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
2. “American Lawns Impact Nutrient Cycles,” Environmental Science
& Technology, 1, March 2005.
3. Quoted in Second Nature: a Gardener’s Education, by Michael Pollan.
New York: Dell Publishing, 1991.
Land
1. Robbins, P., Birkenholtz, T. (2003).“Turfgrass Revolution: Measuring
the Expansion of the American Lawn”, Land Use Policy 20:182.
2. Steinberg, T. (2006). American Green: The Obsessive Quest for the Perfect
Lawn.
3. Robbins, P., Birkenholtz, T. (2003).“Turfgrass Revolution: Measuring
the Expansion of the American Lawn”, Land Use Policy 20:182.
Time and Money
1. Morris, K. (2005), as cited in Steinberg, T.’s (2006) American
Green: The Obsessive Quest for the Perfect Lawn.2. Shah, A. (2006). The US and Foreign Aid Assistance.
Available Online
3. Wood, D. (2006). “Green Green Grass”, En Route, June, 2006.
4. Goldin, A. (1977). Grass: The Everything, Everywhere Plant.
5. National Gardening Association. (2000). National Gardening Survey. National Gardening Association, Burlington (VM).
6. Canada Business Service Centre. (2006). Profile Report: 2006 CanEx – Household Equipment Expenditures (Nova Scotia).
Water
1. Mellor, D. (2003). The Lawn Bible: How to Keep it Green, Groomed and Growing
Every Season of the Year. New York: Hyperion.
2. Daniels, S. (1995). The Wild Lawn Handbook: Alternatives to the Traditional
Front Lawn. New York: MacMillan.
3. Environment Canada. (2006). Freshwater Website: Quick Facts.
Available Online
4. National Xeriscape Council. (1990). As cited in “Lawn Care Industry
Dilemma”, American Horticulturist 69(11).
5. City of Irvine, Community Development Department. (1991). Sustainable Landscaping
Guideline Manual, 1991 Draft.
Fossil Fuels
1. Bormann, F.H., Balmori, D., Geballe, G.T. (2001). (1993). Redesigning
the American Lawn: A Search for Environmental Harmony (First Edition) (Facts
quoted) Available online
2. Bormann, F.H., Balmori, D., Geballe, G.T. (2001). Redesigning the American Lawn: A Search for Environmental Harmony.
3. Steinberg, T. (2006). American Green: The Obsessive Quest for the Perfect Lawn
4. Perry, L. (2006). Fuel-Efficient Lawns and Landscapes.
Available Online
Pesticides
1. Ontario College of Family Physicians. (2004). Pesticides Literature Review.
Available
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Fail to Protect Us from Pesticides. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University
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fo the American Chemical Society, 201(89).
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the Potential Exposure of Small Children to Pesticides in the Residential
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5. Nishioka, M.G. et al. (1996). “Measuring Transport of Lawn-Applied
Herbicide Acids from Turf and Home: Correlation of Dislodgeable 2,4-D Turf
Residues with Carpet Dust and Carpet Surface Residues”, Environmental
Science and Technology, 30.
6. Nishioka, M.G. et al. (2001). Distribution of 2,4-D in Air and on Surfaces
Inside Residences after Lawn Applications: Comparing Exposure Estimates from
Various Media for Young Children”, Environmental Health Perspectives,
109.
7. Pimentel, D. (2004). Quoted in Steinberg’s (2006) American Green:
The Obsessive Quest for the Perfect Lawn.
8. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2000). Homeowner’s Guide to Protecting
Frogs.
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9. Templeton, S.R., Zilberman, D., Yoo, S.J. (1998). “An Economic Perspective
on Outdoor Residential Pesticide Use”, Environmental Science and Technology
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10. Hamilton Coalition on Pesticide Issues. (2006). Private Property Pesticide
Bylaws in Canada.
Available
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Fertilizer
1. Tisdale, S.L., Nelson, W.L, Berton, J.D. (1993). Soil Fertility and Fertilizers,
5th Ed.
And:
Engelstad, O.P (ed.) (1985). Fertilizer technology and Use, 3rd Ed.Lyman,
F., Mintzer, I., Courrier, K., Mackenzie, J. (1990). The Greenhouse Trap:
What We Are Doing to the Atmosphere and How We Can Slow Global Warming.
2. Environment Canada. (2006). Nitrogen Oxides - NOx. Available
online
See Also:
Union of Concerned Scientists. (2006). Frequently Asked Questions About Ozone
Depletion and the Ozone Hole.
Available
Online U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division. (2006). Ozone Depletion.
Available Online
3. Bormann, F.H., Balmori, D., Geballe, G.T. (2001). (1993). Redesigning
the American Lawn: A Search for Environmental Harmony (First Edition) Available
Online
4. Bormann, F.H., Balmori, D., Geballe, G.T. (2001). Redesigning the American
Lawn: A Search for Environmental Harmony.
5. EPA-MAIA. (2006). Eutrophication. Available
Online
Water Pollution
1. U.S. EPA. (2003). A Source Book on Natural Landscaping for Public Officials
Available
Online
2. U.S. EPA. (2006). Consumer Factsheet on: Nitrates/Nitrites
Available Online at: Available
Online
3. Weyer, P. (2001) Nitrate in Drinking Water and Human Health.
Available Online at: Available
Online
4. Bowman, D.C., Cherney, C.T., Rufth, T.W.Jr. (2002). “Fate and Transport
of Nitrogen Applied to Six Warm-Season Turfgrasses”, Crop Science, 42:833.
5. Starr, J.L., DeRoo, H.C. (1981) “The Fate of Nitrogen Fertilizer
Applied to Turfgrass”, Crop Science, 21, pgs 531-36.
6. Bormann, F.H., Balmori, D., Geballe, G.T. (2001). Redesigning the American
Lawn: A Search for Environmental Harmony.
7. Institute for Agriculture, Trade and Policy. (2002). Hypoxia in the Gulf
of Mexico: A Growing Problem.
Available
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8. Gilliom, R. (U.S. Geological Survey). (1999). (1999). Pesticides in the
Nation’s Water Resources. Water Environment Federation Briefing Series
Presentation.
9. Smith, A.E., Tillotson, W.R. (1993). “Potential Leaching of Herbicides
Applied to Golf Course Greens” in eds. Racke and Leslie’s Pesticides
in Urban Environments.
Air Pollution
1. Cormier, Z. (2006). “Special Survey: Smog Inhalation”, Corporate
Knights, 4(5).
2. Judek, S., Jessiman, B., Stieb, D., Vet, R. (2005). Estimated Number of
Excess Deaths in Canada Due to Air Pollution.
Available
Online
3. Environment Canada. (2002). The ABC’s of Air Pollution in the Lower
Fraser Valley.
Available Online
4. U.S. E.P.A. (2006). Green Landscaping with Native Plants.
Available
Online
5. City of Louisville, Kentucky. (2006). Lawn Care for Cleaner Air Program
Availble Online
6. Glassman, S., Vanitzian, D. (2002). “Fed Up With Noisy Leaf Blowers”,
Los Angeles Times, Nov. 17, 2002.
7. California Environmental Protection Agency. (2000). Report - Exhaust Emissions:
Report to the California Legislature, 40, 50.
Carbon Dioxide
1. Pembina Institute. (2006). Science Overview: Greenhouse Gases.
Available
Online
2. Miles, N. (2006). Climate Costs: The Global Picture.
Available Online
Biodiversity
1. Environment Canada. (2000). Conserving and Protecting Habitat and Species.
Available
Onlin
2. Nova Scotia Ministry of Natural Resources. (2004). Nova Scotia’s
Wild Plants: How Are They Doing?
Available
Online
3. Bormann, F.H., Balmori, D., Geballe, G.T. (2001). Redesigning the American
Lawn: A Search for Environmental Harmony.
4. Smith, R.M., Thompson, K., Hodgson, J.G., Warren, P.H., Gaston, K.J. (2006).
“Urban Domestic Gardens (IX): Composition and Richness of the Vascular
Plant Flora, and Implications for Native Biodiversity.” Biological Conservation
129, 312-322.
5. Bormann, F.H., Balmori, D., Geballe, G.T. (2001). Redesigning the American
Lawn: A Search for Environmental Harmony.
6. Ehrlich, P., Wilson, E.O. (1991). “Biodiversity Studies: Science
and Policy”, Science, 253.
7. Mahar, S., Hanson, H. (2005). Audobon At Home in New York.
Available
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Human Health
1. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Fatal Occupational
Injuries” (Sept. 9, 2004)
Available Online
And:
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “National Census
of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2002”
Available Online
2. University of Michigan Health System, “U-M experts warn about the
dangers of lawn mowers, especially with kids” (June 2, 2003) Available
Online
3. Costilla, V., Bishal, D.M. (2006) “Lawnmower Injuries in the United
States: 1996 to 2004”, Annals of Emergency Medicine, 47(6).
4. The Noise Pollution Clearing House. (2004). The Quiet Zone, Summer, 2004.
Available
Online
Trees
1. Dwyer, John F., 1993. The Economic Contribution of Trees to Urban Communities;
In: Trends - Justifying Recreation and Parks to Decision Makers, v. 30, no.
4.
2. Laverne, R.J. and Lewis, G., 1995. The Effect of Vegetation on Residential
Energy Use. In Kollin, C. and Barratt, M. (eds.), Proceedings of the 7th National
Urban Forest Conference, New York, Sept. 12-16, pp. 80-84.
3. City of Windsor. (2006). Value of Trees.
Available Online
4. FAO. (1993). The Challenge of Sustainable Forest Management: What Future
for the World’s Forests? Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, Rome.
5. Freedman, B., Love, S., O’Neil, B. (1996). Tree Species Composition,
Structure and Carbon Storage in Stands of Urban Forest of Varying Character
in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Canadian Field-Nat., 110, pgs 675-682.
6. Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., Stevens, J.C., Ibarra, M. (2002). Brooklyn’s
Urban Forest. General Technical Report NE-290, U.S.D.A., Forest Service, Northeastern
Forest Experiment Station, Radnor, Pennsylvania.
Native Plants
1. Go for Green. (2006). Fact Sheet #6: Gardening with Native Plants.
Available
Online
Wildlife Gardens
1. Canadian Wildlife Federation. (2004): Attracting Wildlife: Close Encounters
of the Bird Kind.
Available
Online
2. Canadian Wildlife Federation. (2004). Attracting Wildlife: Frogs, Toads
& Other Creepy Critters.
Available
Online
3. Canadian Wildlife Federation. (2004). Attracting Wildlife: Bats.
Available
Online
Meadow Gardens
1. Go for Green. (2006). Fact Sheet #8: Gardening with Native Plants:
Meadow and Prairie Gardens.
Available
Online
Composting
1. RRFB Nova Scotia. (2001). Waste as a Resource: Compost is Recycling Too!
Available Online
2. RRFB Nova Scotia. (2001). Backyard Composting.
Available Online
Gardening & Health
1. Go For Green. (2004). Between the Rows - the Physical Benefits of Gardening.
